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#### Effective Hamiltonian

The most general WIMP-nucleus interaction complying with Galilean symmetry can be parameterized with an effective Hamiltonian $$\mathcal{H}$$ of the form, $\mathcal{H}(w_i,q)=\sum_{\tau=0,1}\sum c^\tau_j (w_i,q) \mathcal{O}_j(q) t^\tau$ where $$w_i$$ represents the Wilson coefficient, $$q$$ the momentum transfer, and $$\mathcal{O}_j$$ are respective interaction operators.

In WimPyDD an Effective Hamiltonian can be initialized by instantiating the class eft_hamiltonian, which takes two arguments:

• a string with the Hamiltonian name
• a Python dictionary wc with the operators and the Wilson coefficients
 >>> hamiltonian=WD.eft_hamiltonian(string,wc)

Input

• wc={n1: func1 , n2: func2, ... }
• n1,n2... identify the operators
func1, func2, ... are functions of the parameters $$w_i$$, $$q$$ that return the corresponding Wilson coefficients $$c^0,c^1$$ in GeV$$^{-2}$$

The Hamiltonian can be written either in the base of Anand et al, or in that of Gondolo et al

#### Operator base of Anand et al,

The keys n1, n2,...of the input dictionary must be integers picked by the list, [1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,12,14,15]

#### Operator base of Gondolo et al,

The keys n1,n2,...of the input dictionary must be tuples (X,s,l) with,

• X = string identifying the nuclear current with possible values X ='M','Omega','Sigma','Delta' and 'Phi'
• s = rank of the operator with possible values: s=0,1,...,2*j_chi with j_chi=$$j_\chi$$ the spin of the WIMP
• l = power of the transferred momentum $$q$$ in the operator with possible values:
l = s for X = 'M', 'Omega'
l=s-1, s, s+1 for X = 'Sigma', 'Phi'
l=s-1, s for X = 'Delta'

Example: Anapole Dark Matter

S. Kang et. al, JCAP 1811(2018) no.11,040,
1. In the base of arXiv:1308.6288 the effective Hamiltonian is given by:
2. ${\cal H} = \sum_{\tau=0,1} \left ( c_8^\tau {\cal O}_8^\tau+ c_9^\tau {\cal O}_9^{\tau}\right)$ $c_8^\tau = \frac{2eg}{\Lambda^2} \, e^\tau, c_9^\tau = - \frac{eg}{\Lambda^2} \, g^\tau$ $e^0=e^1=1,$ $g^0=g_{\rm p}+g_{\rm n},~g^1=g_{\rm p}-g_{\rm n},$ where, $g_{\rm p}=5.585\,694\,713(46), g_{\rm n}=-3.826\,085\,45(90),$ $\alpha = e^2 / 4 \pi \simeq 1/137$ The interaction strength depends on $$g/\Lambda^2$$ that can be parameterized in terms of the effective cross section $$\sigma_{\rm ref}$$ and the WIMP mass $$m_\chi$$: $\sigma_{\rm ref} \equiv \frac{2 \mu_{\chi N}^2 \, \alpha g^2 }{ \Lambda^4}$ with $$\mu_{\chi N}$$ the WIMP-nucleon reduced mass.

Defining the two functions c8_anapole(mchi,sigma_ref) and c9_anapole(mchi,sigma_ref) (see here for an example of their implementation) the Hamiltonian is given by:

 >>> wc_anapole={8: c8_anapole, 9: c9_anapole}
 >>> anapole=WD.eft_hamiltonian('anapole',wc_anapole)
 >>> print(anapole)
     Hamiltonian name:anapole
     Hamiltonian:c8_anapole(mchi, sigma_ref)* O_8+c9_anapole(mchi, sigma_ref)* O_9
     Squared amplitude contributions:
     O_8*O_8, O_8*O_9, O_9*O_9

3. The same Hamiltonian can be expressed in the base of Gondolo et al,
4. ${\cal H} = \sum_{\tau=0,1} \left ( c_{\Delta,1,0}^\tau {\cal O}_{\Delta,1,0}^\tau+ c_{\Sigma,1,1}^\tau {\cal O}_{\Sigma,1,1}^{\tau}\right)$

so that:

 >>> wc_anapole_2={('Delta',1,0): c8_anapole, ('Sigma',1,1): c9_anapole}
 >>> anapole_2=WD.eft_hamiltonian('anapole_2',wc_anapole_2)
 >>> print(anapole_2)
     Hamiltonian name:anapole_2
     Hamiltonian:c8_anapole(mchi, sigma_ref)* O_Delta_1_0
+c9_anapole(mchi, sigma_ref)* O_Sigma_1_1
     Squared amplitude contributions:
     O_Delta_1_0*O_Delta_1_0, O_Delta_1_0*O_Sigma_1_1, O_Sigma_1_1*O_Sigma_1_1

leads to the same result.

The keys of the wc_anapole dictionary determine the content of the coeff_squared_list attribute, that is used to fix the default
names of the files where the get_response_functions routine saves the response functions. For instance,

 >>> WD.load_response_functions(WD.XENON_1T_2018, anapole, j_chi=0.5)

loads or saves the following files in the directory

WimPyDD/Experiments/XENON_1T_2018/spin_1_2: c8_c8.npy
WimPyDD/Experiments/XENON_1T_2018/spin_1_2: c8_c9.npy
WimPyDD/Experiments/XENON_1T_2018/spin_1_2: c9_c9.npy

for the WD.XENON_1T_2018 experiment (the 'XENON1T' folder name is determined by the XENON_1T_2018.name attribute). Analogously:

 >>> WD.load_response_functions(WD.XENON_1T_2018,anapole_2,j_chi=0.5)

WimPyDD/Experiments/XENON_1T_2018/spin_1_2/c_Delta_1_0_c_Delta_1_0.npy
WimPyDD/Experiments/XENON_1T_2018/spin_1_2/c_Delta_1_0_c_Sigma_1_1.npy
WimPyDD/Experiments/XENON_1T_2018/spin_1_2/c_Sigma_1_1_c_Sigma_1_1.npy

in the same directory.

Different effective Hamiltonians can share the same set of response functions, if they have some effective operators in common. For instance,
if $$a^{0}(r)=1+r$$ and $$a^{1}(r)=1-r$$ the Hamiltonian: ${\cal H}(r,g,M) = \sum_{\tau=0,1} \left [\frac{g}{M^2}a^\tau(r) {\cal O}_8^\tau \right ]$
 >>> H8=WD.eft_hamiltonian('H8',{8: lambda M,g,r=1: g/M**2*np.array([1+r,1-r])})

loads the tabulated response function from the same file c8_c8.npy used by anapole. However this is only possible if the Wilson coefficients
do not depend on the transferred momentum, or they have the same momentum dependence, since the additional energy dependence contained
in the Wilson coefficient requires the calculation of a different response function. As a consequence, in this case more control on where the response
functions are saved is required. See here how to handle this case.

#### Main attributes and methods of the eft_hamiltonian class

For the anapole and anapole_2 hamiltonians defined above:

 >>> [attr for attr in dir(anapole) if '__' not in attr]
     ['arguments', 'coeff_squared', 'coeff_squared_list', 'coeff_squared_q_dependence',
      'couplings', 'default_args', 'global_arguments', 'global_default_args',
      'hamiltonian', 'name', 'print_hamiltonian', 'print_hamiltonian_latex',
      'wilson_coefficients']
 >>> anapole.coeff_squared(8,9,mchi=100,sigma_ref=1e-40)
     array([[-6.68076649e-12, -3.57340160e-11],
     [-6.68076649e-12, -3.57340160e-11]])

Returns the 2$$\times$$ 2 matrix $$c_8^{\tau}c_9^{\tau^{\prime}}$$ as a function of the Hamiltonian parameters. The same output, i.e. the 2$$\times$$ 2 matrix $$c_{\Delta,1,0}^{\tau}c_{\Sigma,1,1}^{\tau^{\prime}}$$, is obtained by:

 >>> anapole_2.coeff_squared((('Delta',1,0)),('Sigma',1,1),mchi=100,sigma_ref=1e-40)

 >>> anapole.coeff_squared_list
     [(8, 8), (8, 9), (9, 9)]
 >>> anapole_2.coeff_squared_list
     [(('Delta', 1, 0), ('Delta', 1, 0)), (('Delta', 1, 0), ('Sigma', 1, 1)),
     (('Sigma', 1, 1), ('Sigma', 1, 1))]

Returns a list of the contributions $${\cal O}_j{\cal O}_k$$ to the squared amplitude.

 >>> anapole.coeff_squared_q_dependence(0.1,8,9)

Calculates the factorized momentum dependence of the product $$c_8^{\tau}c_9^{\tau^{\prime}}$$.

 >>> anapole_2.coeff_squared_q_dependence(0.1,('Delta',1,0),('Sigma',1,1))

Calculates the same quantity for $$c_{\Delta,1,0}^{\tau}c_{\Sigma,1,1}^{\tau^{\prime}}$$. Return 1 if the Wilson coefficients do not depend on $$q$$.

Depending on the interaction the Wilson coefficients have to be initialized. For example in the case of non-standard $$\mathcal{O}_5$$ operator
Wilson coefficients can be written as as:

 >>> wc={5 : lambda cp=1, cn=1, M=10**3: 1/M**2*np.array([cp+cn,cp-cn])}

Once the Wilson is defined user can write the EFT hamiltonian as:

 >>> c5=WD.eft_hamiltonian('c5', wc)

Here $$c_p$$ and $$c_n$$ are the WIMP couplings to proton and neutron respectively while $$M$$ is any effective scale. As usual a short summary of effective_hamiltonian can be obtained by printing it:

 >>> print(c5)
     Hamiltonian name:c5
     Hamiltonian:c_5(cp=1, cn=1, M=1000)* O_5
     Squared amplitude contributions:
     O_5*O_5

In the case of more than one interactions the user can define the Wilson coefficients as following:

 >>> wc={8 : lambda cp=1, cn=1, q=1: 1/q**2*np.array([cp+cn,cp-cn]),
     9 : lambda cp=1, cn=1: np.array([cp+cn,cp-cn])})

which leads to the following hamiltonian:

 >>> c8_c9=WD.eft_hamiltonian('c8_c9', wc)

As metioned before a short summary of EFT hamitonian can be obtained using print option:

 >>> print(c8_c9)
     Hamiltonian name:c8_c9
     Hamiltonian:c_8(cp=1, cn=1, q=1)* O_8'(q)+c_9(cp=1, cn=1)* O_9
     Squared amplitude contributions:
     O_8'(q)*O_8'(q), O_8'(q)*O_9, O_9*O_9

Notice that the operator $$\mathcal{O}_8$$ depends on the transfer momentum (here a long range interaction) while $$\mathcal{O}_9$$ is independent of that. A cautious user might have already noticed an interference term between $$\mathcal{O}_8$$ and $$\mathcal{O}_9$$ operators that is expected following EFT approach.

The arguments of the defined Hamiltonian can be accessed by following:

 >>> c8_c9.arguments
     {8: ['cp', 'cn', 'q'], 9: ['cp', 'cn']}

If the value of an argument is not defined by the user it will be put to 1 by default. Notice that user should not pass the value of momentum transfer $$q$$ in the argument as $$q$$ is used in the calcualtion of the response functions and treated differently inside WimPyDD. But user has freedom to change any other arguments for example $$c_p, c_n$$ here.

Once the Nuclear Target and Effective Hamiltonian are defined, the user could move on to define an Experiment.